Toxicity bioassay and sub-lethal effects of diazinon on blood profile and histology of liver, gills and kidney of catfish, Clarias gariepinus / Toxicidade bioensaio e efeitos sub-letais do diazinon no perfil sangüíneo e histologia do fígado, brânquias e rim de peixe-gato, clarias gariepinus

Abstract The catfish, Clarias gariepinus, was exposed to different acute concentrations (5-10 mg/l) of diazinon and the Lc50 value was recorded as high as 7.3 mg/l for 96 hours. The fishes exposed to three sub-lethal levels of diazinon (0.73, 1.095 and 1.46 mg/l) for 30 days showed that the pesticide induces changes in different blood parameters. Number of red blood cells (RBC), haemoglobin level and haematocrit values were elevated whereas white blood cells (WBC) count was reduced. Various blood indices like mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobine (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobine concentration (MCHC) vary insignificantly in the fish treated with diazinon. Glucose level and activity level of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was increased in Clarias gariepinus exposed to diazinon. Protein level in plasma of fish treated with pesticide was changed but the change was insignificant. Histological changes in the liver, gills and kidney of fishes exposed to diazinon were apparent when compared to control. Hepatocytes necrosis and bleeding were more distinct in the fishes exposed to pesticide. Glomerulus hypertrophy and bleeding in kidneys; and fusion and degeneration of secondary lamellae and epithelial hyperplasia in gills were also observed in the exposed fish.

Resumo O peixe-gato, Clarias gariepinus, foi exposto a diferentes concentrações agudas (5-10 mg / l) de diazinon e o valor de Lc50 foi registrado tão alto quanto 7,3 mg / l por 96 horas. Os peixes expostos a três níveis sub-letais de diazinon (0,73, 1,095 e 1,46 mg / l) por 30 dias mostraram que o pesticida induz mudanças nos diferentes parâmetros sanguíneos. O número de glóbulos vermelhos, o nível de hemoglobina e os valores do hematócrito foram elevados, enquanto a contagem de leucócitos foi reduzida. Vários índices sanguíneos, como volume corpuscular médio (VCM), hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHCM) variam insignificantemente nos peixes tratados com diazinon. Nível de glicose e nível de atividade de AST e ALT foi aumentado em Clarias gariepinus expostos a diazinon. O nível de proteína no plasma de peixes tratados com pesticidas foi alterado, mas a mudança foi insignificante. Alterações histológicas no fígado, brânquias e rins de peixes expostos ao diazinon foram aparentes quando comparados ao controle. A necrose e o sangramento de hepatócitos foram mais distintos nos peixes expostos ao agrotóxico. Hipertrofia do glomérulo e sangramento nos rins; e fusão e degeneração de lamelas secundárias e hiperplasia epitelial em brânquias também foram observadas nos peixes expostos.

Pattern of Maxillofacial Fractures in Severe Multiple Trauma Patients: A 7-year Prospective Study

The incidence of facial trauma is high. This study has the primary objective of documenting and cataloging maxillofacial fractures in polytrauma patients. From a total of 1229 multiple trauma cases treated at the Emergency Room of the Santo Antonio Hospital - Oporto Hospital Center, Portugal, between August 2001 and December 2007, 251 patients had facial wounds and 209 had maxillofacial fractures. Aged ranged form 13 to 86 years. The applied selective method was based on the presence of facial wound with Abbreviated Injury Scale ≥1. Men had a higher incidence of maxillofacial fractures among multiple trauma patients (86.6%) and road traffic accidents were the primary cause of injuries (69.38%). Nasoorbitoethmoid complex was the most affected region (67.46%) followed by the maxilla (57.42%). The pattern and presentation of maxillofacial fractures had been studied in many parts of the world with varying results. Severe multiple trauma patients had different patterns of maxillofacial injuries. The number of maxillofacial trauma is on the rise worldwide as well as the incidence of associated sequelae. Maxillofacial fractures on multiple trauma patients were more frequent among males and in road traffic crashes. Knowing such data is elementary. The society should have a key role in the awareness of individuals and in prevention of road traffic accidents.

É alta a incidência de traumas na face. Este estudo teve por objetivo documentar e catalogar as fraturas maxilofaciais em pacientes com politraumatismos. De um total de 1229 casos de politraumatizados tratados na Sala de Emergência do Hospital de Santo António - Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal, entre Agosto de 2001 e Dezembro de 2007, 251 pacientes tiveram ferimentos na face e 209 apresentaram fraturas maxilofaciais. As idades variaram de 13 a 86 anos. O método de seleção baseou-se na presença de ferimentos na face com Abreviated Injury Scale ≥1. Os homens apresentaram maior incidência de fraturas maxilofaciais (86,6%) entre os pacientes com múltiplos traumatismos na face e os acidentes de trânsito foram a causa principal dos traumatismos (69,38%). A região mais afetada foi o complexo naso-órbito-etmoidal (67,46%), seguido pela maxila (57,42%). O padrão e a apresentação das fraturas maxilofaciais tem sido estudado em muitas regiões do mundo com resultados variados. Pacientes com politraumatizados graves apresentaram padrões diferentes de traumatismos maxilofaciais. O número de traumatismos maxilofaciais tem aumentado à escala mundial, assim como a incidência das sequelas associadas. Entre os pacientes com traumatismos múltiplos, a maioria pertencia ao sexo masculino, assim como a causa mais frequente foram os acidentes automobilísticos. É elementar o conhecimento destes dados. A sociedade tem um papel primordial nos cuidados individuais e na prevenção dos acidentes de trânsito.

Uso inadequado de organofosforados: uma prática de risco para bovinos no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul / Misuse of organophosphate: potential risk to cattle in Southern Brazil

Com o objetivo de determinar as causas para o súbito aumento no número de surtos de intoxicação por organofosforados foram analisados nove surtos da intoxicação diagnosticados em bovinos no Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Faculdade de Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD/UFPel) entre novembro de 2013 e fevereiro de 2014. Em todos os surtos os animais foram tratados com concentrações entre duas e 151 vezes maiores que a concentração recomendada de diazinon para banho carrapaticida utilizado nas diferentes propriedades. Contribuíram, ainda, para o grande número de casos de intoxicação a via de adminstração pour on não recomendada para os produtos utilizados e o intenso calor registrado na época de ocorrência dos surtos.

In order to determine the cause of the sudden increase in the number of outbreaks of organophosphate poisoning, nine outbreaks diagnosed in cattle were analyzed at the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD/UFPel) between November 2013 and February 2014. In all outbreaks the animals were treated with concentration from two to 151 times higher than the concentration recommended of diazinon for tick treatment. The incorrect route of application, and the intense heat recorded at the time of the outbreaks also contributed to the large number of poisoning.

Protective effect of melatonin on damage in the sperm parameters of mice exposed to diazinon / Efecto protector de la melatonina sobre el daño en los parámetros espermáticos de ratones expuestos a diazinón

Since normal sperm parameters can be altered by organophosphorous pesticides, this study intended to determine if melatonin is able to prevent the damage on sperm quality after an acute exposure to diazinon. Adult male mice were injected intraperitoneally with melatonin, diazinon (1/3 or 2/3 LD50) or both, and sperm parameters were evaluated on days 1 or 32 post injection. Groups treated with diazinon showed elevated lipid peroxidation levels on day 1 post treatment, while groups pretreated with melatonin before diazinon showed no difference compared to control. Sperm count showed a significant decrease in both diazinon-treated groups only on day 32 post injection; no differences were observed in groups pretreated with melatonin prior to diazinon compared to control. The percentage of abnormal sperm morphology increased in the diazinon-treated groups only on day 32 postinjection. The administration of melatonin prior to exposure to diazinon prevents the alteration of sperm parameters commonly caused by organophosphates, possibly due to its antioxidant properties.

Debido a que los parámetros normales de los espermatozoides pueden ser alterados por algunos contaminantes como los pesticidas organofosforados, este estudio pretende determinar si melatonina es capaz de prevenir o proteger del daño en la calidad espermática, después de una exposición aguda a diazinon. Ratones machos adultos fueron inyectados via intraperitoneal con diazinon 1/3 y 2/3 de la LD50 y otro grupo tratados con melatonina + 1/3 diazinon LD50 y melatonina + 2/3 LD50. Los parámetros espermáticos fueron evaluados al día 1 y al día 32 post tratamiento. Los grupos tratados con diazinon solo o conjugado con melatonina mostraron un incremento significativo en los niveles de lipoperoxidación en el tratamiento después de un día. Al día 32 no se observan diferencias significativas con el grupo control. El recuento espermático al día 1 no presenta diferencias entre los grupos tratados y el control. Sin embargo al día 32 los grupos tratados con diazinon solo, muestran una disminución significativa, solo el grupo de melatonina +1/3 diazinon, presenta valores similares al grupo control. La morfología espermática normal presenta una disminución significativa en grupos tratados con diazinon, pero un aumento significativo al día 32 en los grupos tratados con melatonina. Los mayores porcentajes de anormalidades se presentan en la cabeza y la cola de los espermatozoides. La administración de melatonina antes de la exposición al diazinon evita las alteraciones de los parámetros espermáticos, comúnmente causada por organofosforados, posiblemente debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes.

Chronic toxicity bioassay with populations of the crustacean Artemia salina exposed to the organophosphate diazinon

A chronic toxicity bioassay was conducted with the microcrustacean Artemia salina as the testing organism for the toxic organophosphate diazinon in order to determine if the species is an appropriate indicator of pollution in aquatic environments. Tests of animal exposure to different concentrations of the toxicant were performed for 24, 48 and 72 hours after larvae hatching. Registered mortality data was used to obtain the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of the organophosphate for each exposure time, considering the immobilization of A. salina larvae as the mortality parameter. The lethal concentration (LD50) in the same exposure times was calculated by evaluating morphological changes on the three initial stages of larval development. Both doses were determined by using probit statistical analysis. Results indicate greater dose-response exactitude after 24 hours of exposure to the toxicant. High sensitivity of the organism to the toxicant was determined, thus indicating that A. salina is an appropriate ecotoxicological bioindicator of aquatic environments polluted with pesticides, with the special consideration that this species is a natural resident of saline water bodies, and thus could be used to control pollution in these environments as a result of the unrestrained usage of such toxic substances.

Melatonin pretreatment attenuates diazinon-induced testicular damage in mice

Diazinon is one of widely used organophosphrous pesticides, can affect both animals and man even after a single exposure. It has a dual toxicity due to acetylcholinestrase inhibition and formation of free oxygen radicals .So, the current work aimed to evaluate the effects of diazinon on the mice testes and the possible protective effect of melatonin. Male CD-1 adult mice were divided into 6 groups, [1] control group,[2] melatonin group 10mg/kg,[3] diazinon group [30mg/kg], [4] diazinon group [60mg/kg],[5] diazinon 30mg + melatonin and [6] diazinon 60mg/kg + melatonin. Diazinon was orally administrated 1 and 28 days of treatment, whereas, melatonin was administrated intraperitoneally at a single dose. Testicular damage was examined by using hematoxyline and eosin staining. Diazinon treated groups diminished the plasma acetylcholinestrase activity on day 1 of treatment. Morphometrical analysis showed a decrease in seminiferous thickness [day 1 and 28], with increased testicular superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity [day28]. Melatonin pre-treatment prevented alterations induced by diazinon, except diminution of acetylcholinestrase activity. These results suggest that testicular damage observed post-treatment might be due to elevated concentration of free oxygen radicals [ROS] with diazinon while, pretreatment with a single dose of melatonin is a potentially beneficial agent to reduce testicular damage in adult mice probably by decreasing oxidative stress

Intoxicación aguda por diazinón en niños / Acute poisoning by diazinon in children

La presentación clínica de la intoxicación organofosforada ha sido bien descrita en múltiples casos. Sin embargo, el comportamiento evolutivo de las intoxicaciones y sus requerimientos terapéuticos referidos a agentes organofosforados específicos en pediatría es escasamente reportado.En nuestro país, el diazinón es el organofosforado que causa con mayor frecuencia intoxicaciones agudas severas en niños. Nuestro trabajo tiene el objetivo de caracterizar la presentación clínica, la evolución y los requerimientos terapéuticos de las intoxicaciones por diazinón en niños. Del total de consultas registradas en el CIAT entre los años 2000 y 2004, se seleccionaron los casos de intoxicación aguda en menores de 14 años que requirieron tratamiento antidótico. Se analizaron 18 casos, con una media de edad de 4,5 años (DS 3,3). La mayoría fueron ingestas accidentales. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron miosis, hipercrinia pulmonar y vómitos; los síntomas aparecen antes de las 3 horas, la colinesterasa está francamente descendida antes de las 6 horas y se observa un inicio de su recuperación entre el cuarto y el quinto día. El promedio de la dosis total de atropina administrada en los casos de ingestión fue de 5.176 mg y en los casos de exposición cutánea alcanzó los 42.264 mg. Los días de requerimiento de atropina estuvieron en un rango de 2 a 17 días. La intoxicación por vía cutánea mostró un perfil más grave y con evolución más prolongada.

The clinical presentation and therapeutic measures of phosphates poisoning has been well described. However, the clinical course and the therapeutic requirements of specific P agents in Pediatric patients have not. Diazinon is the most frequent phosphate involved in severe poisoning children in our country. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical presentation and therapeutic measures of Diazinon poisoning. Acute cases that required antidote treatment were selected from the PCC files between 2000 and 2004. Eighteen cases met the criteria. Average age was 4,5 years old (DS 3,3). Five cases were by dermal exposure and the rest were accidental oral exposure. The results show that the clinical presentation is similar to other phosphates although the beginning of symptoms was sooner. Miosis, pulmonary hypersecretion and emesis were the most frequent clinical features at admission (usually in the first 3 hours after exposure). Serum cholinesterase showed a dramatic decrease within the first 6 hours and started recovery between day 4 and 5.The average dose of atropine was 5.176 mg in oral exposure and reached 42.264 mg in a dermal exposure case. Treatments lasted between 2 and 17 days. Dermal exposures required more atropine and were discharged later.

Hepatic and renal biochemical responses to the toxicological interaction between acetylsalicylic acid and diazinon in albino rats

The present investigation is aiming at studying the effect of administrating sublethal dose of the insecticide "Diazinon" with and without acetylsalicylic acid [Aspirin, ASA]. Sixty male albino rats were given orally 1/30 LD50 of the insecticide "Diazinon", with and without the high therapeutic dose of acetylsalicylic acid at a dose of [13.5mg/ kg b.w. daily] for 3 weeks. Biochemical indices of liver and kidney functions, namely serum proteins, alanine amino transferase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, cholesterol, triglyceride [TG], urea and creatinine levels were determined at the end of the experiment. The present results showed significant changes in serum ALT, AST, ALP, Biliribin, Triglyceride levels. The changes in enzyme levels indicate the toxicity of the insecticide "Diazinon" alone or in combination with the high therapeutic dose of the anti inflammatory drug "acetyl salicylic acid". The treatments did not affect the level of cholesterol or renal excretory function

Effects of diazinon on serum calcium and inorganic phosphate levels as well as ultrastructures of parathyroid and calcitonin cells of Rattus norvegicus.

Daily intramuscular administration of two doses--0.50 LD550 (150 mg/kg b w) and 0.75 LD50 (225 mg/kg b w) of diazinon for 14 days induced progressive hypocalcemia without altering serum inorganic phosphate value in Rattus norvegicus. Hypocalcemic response of the pesticide was dose- as well as time-dependent. Parathyroid chief cells of the experimental rats exhibited degranulation, vacuolation, loss of secretory granules and lipid droplets, decreased chromatin, and degenerative changes in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex as well as cristae of the mitochondria. Not much of ultrastructural changes could be seen in the C cells of the rats treated with diazinon.

Effect of heat processes on electrophoretic pattern of milk protein regarding major electrolytes before and after diazinon spray

10 lactating cows were sprayed with 0.1% Neocidol solution [of 60% Diazinon] as insecticide. Milk samples were collected before [act as control] and after spraying at regularly scheduled intervals [1, 7, 14 days]. Raw and heat processed [pasteurized and boiled] milk were examined by cellulose acetate electrophoresis of milk protein proportions. Electropherograms diagrammatically presented% components of euglobulin, pseudoglobulin, component III, alpha- lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, and blood serum albumin in the whey fraction, and alpha, beta and gamma-casein in casein fraction were tabulated. In addition, total protein and certain electrolytes [Na, K, Cl, Ca, P] were measured. Variable results obtained were statistically analyzed, evaluated and discussed. It is concluded that milk need at least 14 days post-spray to be safe for consumption

Effect of diazinon on liver of mice experimentally infected with schistosoma mansoni

Diazinon, a broad spectrum non systemic insecticide, of wide range of use in Egypt nowadays, has been used in the present study, in doses comparable to those used in Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine. Parameters of assessment of liver functions were based on biochemical and pathological data. The biochemical changes in blood, reflected the histologic patterns of toxic hepatic injury. A definite logarithmic rise in the serum enzyme level of transaminases [SGOT and SGPT], and also alkaline phosphatase [ALP] was elicited in Diazinon exposed mice whether infected or not. However, Diazinon induced no significant changes in the serum levels regarding total bilirubin, total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin globulin [A/G] ratio. Histopathological examination of the liver tissue of the Diazinon exposed groups of mice, demonstrated necrosis and inflammatory cellular infiltration. However, necrosis in the S. mansoni infected exposed group, was more pronounced; extending from focal to extensive necrosis in accordance to the concentration of the formulation applied. Necrosis was more advanced on using higher concentrations of Diazinon running in parallel to the increase in the serum enzyme levels

Activity of four organophosphorus insecticides in the mouse sperm morphology test

O efeito de 4 inseticidas organofosforados (malation, diazinon, diclorvos e triclorfon) foi avaliado em camundongos, através do teste de morfologia de espermatozóide. Os animais foram expostos aos inseticidas, por via intraperitoneal (diazinon, diclorvos e triclorfon), via dérmica (malation) e por inalaçäo (diclorvos) durante 5 dias consecutivos. Um aumento significativo na frequência de espermatozóides anômalos foi observado quando os animais foram expostos ao malation (1000 mg/Kg) ao diazinon (100 mg/Kg) e ao diclorvos, por inalaçäo (0,24 e 0,32 mg/l). Contudo, nenhum aumento significativo foi observado com relaçäo ao triclorfon e ao diclorvos quando os animais foram expostos pro via intraperitoneal